Annotative Bibliography
AAUW. Title IX Laws and Intercollegiate Athletics. From AAUW, Retrieved from:
http://www.aauw.org/act/laf/library/athuticStatistics.cfm.
-This small section of a website was a list of all the general known statistics from the time when Title IX was created, till the now. It also contained two small charts of how many girls in the country participated in school sports before 1972 when Title Ix was created and how many girls participate in school sports now. The difference that was shown is an unbelievable improvment.
Bishop, R. R. (2003). Missing in action: feature coverage of women's sports in Sports Illustrated. Journal Of Sport & Social Issues, 2
(2), 184-194
-Ronald Bishop wanted to figure out the amount of coverage in which women received in sports from the early 1960s to 1980 and wanted to see if there was any change in the 1990s. He reviewed a total of 569 articles, and to receive his results he examined the main article from each Sports Illustrated issue and drew his conclusions from there. He compared his results from a study done by Reid and Soley in 1979, that look at gender bias in sports and magazines also, and he found little change. Women received on average 7.9 featured stories with only a 5.3 average in page length. This research provided great insight on the amount amount of coverage women received in sports between the early 1960s and 1970s and in the 1990s.
Cooky, Cheryl & Lavoi, Nicole. Playing but Losing: Women's Sports after Title lX. Winter 2012; vol. 11, 1: pp. 42-46.
-Title lX greatly changed the fairness between men and women in sports. After Title lX, many more females participated in sports then ever before. However, although in improved equality in sports, in did not completely give women the same equality as the men. Coverages of women sports changed, but it was not a significant change. Women after Title lX still received little media coverage, very little increase in newspaper exposure, and little coverage on televised broadcasts. Media attention for women was far less than the media attention in which men received. When women did receive media attention outside of television, broadcasts, and newspapers, it was usually in ways that made them sexually appealing. The way they were portrayed did more to sell "sex" and it did to help sell tickets to their next game.
Kaestner, R. & Xu, X. ( February 2010). Title Ix, Girl's Sports Participation, and Adult Female Physical Activity and Weight.
Volume 34.
-This journal was used for this site primarily for the clear definition of what exactly Title IX means, because there are some people are unaware of what it really means. But this journal shows a side that most people do not think about when the topic of Title IX comes up. As a product of more women and young females playing more sports, this has kept more females in better shape than ever before.
Lacaster, M. Title IX Laws and Intercollegiate Athletics. Retrieved from:
http://www.athleticscholarships.net/title-ix-college-athletic.htm.
-This website was written by a former male NCAA athlete who discusses the pros and cons of Title IX. The author is a product of when a men's athletic program has to be cut due to Title IX. The author goes into detail about how Title IX is not the true reasons for cuts on teams but more so it is the school not taking money that funds the popular sports like football and basketball. This express that like everything else, college sports changes, and Title IX does not work any more needs to change too.
Messner, M & Solomon, N. (May 2007). Social Justiceand Men's Interests The Case of Title IX. Journal of Sport & Social Issues,
Volume 31.
-This journal article is an uncommon topic that is discussed on Title IX, and that is about what happens to the men when their the victim of when a school cuts their sport program. This article dicusses some of the social effects of when this happens to the male athletes.
Queen, Robin. "'How Many Lesbians Does It Take. . .': Jokes, Teasing, And The Negotiation Of Stereotypes About Lesbians." Journal
Of . Linguistic Anthropology 15.2 (2005): 239-257. Gender Studies Database. Web. 20 Nov. 2012.
-In this great direct participation study by Robin Queen, the effects of jokes and teasing about lezbians was tested to see its effect on women that participate in sports. Important findings included a study of a lezbian softball team that the author participated on (although she was not herself lezbian), but concluded that jokes about lezbians were only okay if they were told to a in group. This means that the jokes only recieved a light hearted response when they were told to someone of the "in" group in the joke. This article clearly demonstrates that jokes can be harmful and stigmatizing if they are told to an "out" group, instead of an "in" group.
Schmalz, Dorothy L., and Deborah L. Kerstetter. "Girlie Girls And Manly Men: Children's Stigma Consciousness Of Gender In Sports
Physical Activities." Journal Of Leisure Research 38.4 (2006): 536-557. Gender Studies Database. Web. 30 Nov. 2012.
-This article by Schmalz and Kerstetter clearly shows gender stereotyping can even take a place even when children are involved in sports, whether it be competitive or recreational. Some of the important and relevant findings conclude that even though sports at children's age remain mostly gender neutral, social stereotypes still existed despite this neutrality. The article also goes on to explain the importance of gender stigma's and how even at young ages, girls can get labeled a "tom-boy" or "butch" for high participation in sports or in a sport with a majority of males. Possibly the most important finding of the study was how it showed a consciousness of gender stereotypes and stigmas. Meaning that females ad males were highly aware of these stereotypes and gender differences, even at such a young age.
Thomas, Katie. "No Tackling, but a Girls' Sport Takes Some Hits." New York Times 16 May 2010: 1. Gender Studies Database. Web. 25.
Nov. 2012.
-Katie Thomas takes a look at the growing popularity of flag football among high school girls in Florida in this study. This study mentions a very important note to stereotypes and inequality when it comes to the sport of football for women. The study says that this growing popularity of flag football for women is beneficial to the fight to establish college and professional women's football teams. The article references the lingerie football league, by saying that is really the only league option for women who want to pursue professional football. This article also explains how the female flag football team is setup to be less than male football. This is shown by the length of the field being 80 yards instead of 110 yards, as well as flag pulling instead of tackling.
http://www.aauw.org/act/laf/library/athuticStatistics.cfm.
-This small section of a website was a list of all the general known statistics from the time when Title IX was created, till the now. It also contained two small charts of how many girls in the country participated in school sports before 1972 when Title Ix was created and how many girls participate in school sports now. The difference that was shown is an unbelievable improvment.
Bishop, R. R. (2003). Missing in action: feature coverage of women's sports in Sports Illustrated. Journal Of Sport & Social Issues, 2
(2), 184-194
-Ronald Bishop wanted to figure out the amount of coverage in which women received in sports from the early 1960s to 1980 and wanted to see if there was any change in the 1990s. He reviewed a total of 569 articles, and to receive his results he examined the main article from each Sports Illustrated issue and drew his conclusions from there. He compared his results from a study done by Reid and Soley in 1979, that look at gender bias in sports and magazines also, and he found little change. Women received on average 7.9 featured stories with only a 5.3 average in page length. This research provided great insight on the amount amount of coverage women received in sports between the early 1960s and 1970s and in the 1990s.
Cooky, Cheryl & Lavoi, Nicole. Playing but Losing: Women's Sports after Title lX. Winter 2012; vol. 11, 1: pp. 42-46.
-Title lX greatly changed the fairness between men and women in sports. After Title lX, many more females participated in sports then ever before. However, although in improved equality in sports, in did not completely give women the same equality as the men. Coverages of women sports changed, but it was not a significant change. Women after Title lX still received little media coverage, very little increase in newspaper exposure, and little coverage on televised broadcasts. Media attention for women was far less than the media attention in which men received. When women did receive media attention outside of television, broadcasts, and newspapers, it was usually in ways that made them sexually appealing. The way they were portrayed did more to sell "sex" and it did to help sell tickets to their next game.
Kaestner, R. & Xu, X. ( February 2010). Title Ix, Girl's Sports Participation, and Adult Female Physical Activity and Weight.
Volume 34.
-This journal was used for this site primarily for the clear definition of what exactly Title IX means, because there are some people are unaware of what it really means. But this journal shows a side that most people do not think about when the topic of Title IX comes up. As a product of more women and young females playing more sports, this has kept more females in better shape than ever before.
Lacaster, M. Title IX Laws and Intercollegiate Athletics. Retrieved from:
http://www.athleticscholarships.net/title-ix-college-athletic.htm.
-This website was written by a former male NCAA athlete who discusses the pros and cons of Title IX. The author is a product of when a men's athletic program has to be cut due to Title IX. The author goes into detail about how Title IX is not the true reasons for cuts on teams but more so it is the school not taking money that funds the popular sports like football and basketball. This express that like everything else, college sports changes, and Title IX does not work any more needs to change too.
Messner, M & Solomon, N. (May 2007). Social Justiceand Men's Interests The Case of Title IX. Journal of Sport & Social Issues,
Volume 31.
-This journal article is an uncommon topic that is discussed on Title IX, and that is about what happens to the men when their the victim of when a school cuts their sport program. This article dicusses some of the social effects of when this happens to the male athletes.
Queen, Robin. "'How Many Lesbians Does It Take. . .': Jokes, Teasing, And The Negotiation Of Stereotypes About Lesbians." Journal
Of . Linguistic Anthropology 15.2 (2005): 239-257. Gender Studies Database. Web. 20 Nov. 2012.
-In this great direct participation study by Robin Queen, the effects of jokes and teasing about lezbians was tested to see its effect on women that participate in sports. Important findings included a study of a lezbian softball team that the author participated on (although she was not herself lezbian), but concluded that jokes about lezbians were only okay if they were told to a in group. This means that the jokes only recieved a light hearted response when they were told to someone of the "in" group in the joke. This article clearly demonstrates that jokes can be harmful and stigmatizing if they are told to an "out" group, instead of an "in" group.
Schmalz, Dorothy L., and Deborah L. Kerstetter. "Girlie Girls And Manly Men: Children's Stigma Consciousness Of Gender In Sports
Physical Activities." Journal Of Leisure Research 38.4 (2006): 536-557. Gender Studies Database. Web. 30 Nov. 2012.
-This article by Schmalz and Kerstetter clearly shows gender stereotyping can even take a place even when children are involved in sports, whether it be competitive or recreational. Some of the important and relevant findings conclude that even though sports at children's age remain mostly gender neutral, social stereotypes still existed despite this neutrality. The article also goes on to explain the importance of gender stigma's and how even at young ages, girls can get labeled a "tom-boy" or "butch" for high participation in sports or in a sport with a majority of males. Possibly the most important finding of the study was how it showed a consciousness of gender stereotypes and stigmas. Meaning that females ad males were highly aware of these stereotypes and gender differences, even at such a young age.
Thomas, Katie. "No Tackling, but a Girls' Sport Takes Some Hits." New York Times 16 May 2010: 1. Gender Studies Database. Web. 25.
Nov. 2012.
-Katie Thomas takes a look at the growing popularity of flag football among high school girls in Florida in this study. This study mentions a very important note to stereotypes and inequality when it comes to the sport of football for women. The study says that this growing popularity of flag football for women is beneficial to the fight to establish college and professional women's football teams. The article references the lingerie football league, by saying that is really the only league option for women who want to pursue professional football. This article also explains how the female flag football team is setup to be less than male football. This is shown by the length of the field being 80 yards instead of 110 yards, as well as flag pulling instead of tackling.